Computer-assisted translation Essay

A literal translation is a translation that follows closely the form of the source language. Also known as: | word-for-word translation| Literal translation, or directed translation, is the rendering of text from one language to another â€Å"word-for-word† (Latin: â€Å"verbum pro verbo†) rather than conveying the sense of the original. (This distinction is valid only when a literal translation does not accurately convey the sense, which is not invariably true.) Literal translation, or directed translation, is the rendering of text from one language to another â€Å"word-for-word† (Latin: â€Å"verbum pro verbo†) rather than conveying the sense of the original. (This distinction is valid only when a literal translation does not accurately convey the sense, which is not invariably true. ) In translation studies, â€Å"literal translation† denotes technical translation of scientific, technical, technological or legal texts. [1] In translation theory, another term for â€Å"literal translation† is â€Å"metaphrase†; and for phrasal (â€Å"sense†) translation — â€Å"paraphrase. † When considered a bad practice of conveying word by word (lexeme to lexeme, or morpheme to lexeme) translation of non-technical type literal translations has the meaning of mistranslating idioms,[2] for example, or in the context of translating an analytic language to a synthetic language, it renders even the grammar unintelligible. Term in translation studies Usage The term â€Å"literal translation† often appeared in the titles of 19th-century English translations of classical, Bible and other texts. Cribs Literal translations (â€Å"cribs,† â€Å"ponies†, or â€Å"trots†) are sometimes prepared for a writer who is translating a work written in a language he does not know. For example, Robert Pinsky is reported to have used a literal translation in preparing his translation of Dante’s Inferno (1994), as he does not know Italian. [citation needed] Similarly, Richard Pevear worked from literal translations provided by his wife, Larissa Volokhonsky, in their translations of several Russian novels. [citation needed]. Poetry to prose Literal translation can also denote a translation that represents the precise meaning of the original text but does not attempt to convey its style, beauty, or poetry. There is, however, a great deal of difference between a literal translation of a poetic work and a prose translation. A literal translation of poetry may be in prose rather than verse, but also be error free. Charles Singleton’s translation of The Divine Comedy (1975) is regarded as a prose translation. As a bad practice  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Literal† translation implies that it is probably full of errors, since the translator has made no effort to convey, for example, correct idioms or shades of meaning. Examples A literal English translation of the German word â€Å"Kindergarten† would be â€Å"children garden,† but in English the expression refers to the school year between pre-school and first grade. Literal translations in which individual components within words or compounds are translated to create new lexical items in the target language (a process also known as â€Å"loan translation†) are called calques, e.g. , â€Å"beer garden† from German â€Å"Biergarten. † Literal translation of the Italian sentence, â€Å"So che questo non va bene† (â€Å"I know that this is not good†), produces â€Å"Know(I) that this not goes(it) well,† which has English words and Italian grammar. Machine translation Early machine translations (as of 1962[3] at least) were notorious for this type of translation as they simply employed a database of words and their translations. Later attempts utilized common phrases which resulted in better grammatical structure and capture of idioms but with many words left in the original language. For translating synthetic languages, a morphosyntactic analyzer and synthesizer is required. The best systems today use a combination of the above technologies and apply algorithms to correct the â€Å"natural† sound of the translation. In the end though, professional translation firms that employ machine translation use it as a tool to create a rough translation that is then tweaked by a human, professional  translator. Pidgins Often, first-generation immigrants create something of a literal translation in how they speak their parents’ native language. This results in a mix of the two languages in something of a pidgin. Many such mixes have specific names, e. g. Spanglish or Germish. For example, American children of German immigrants are heard using â€Å"rockingstool† from the German word â€Å"Schaukelstuhl† instead of â€Å"rocking chair†. Mistranslations Literal translation of idioms is a source of numerous translators’ jokes and apocrypha. The following famous example has often been told both in the context of newbie translators and that of machine translation: When the sentence â€Å"The spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak† (Ð ´Ã'Æ'Ã'… Ð ±Ã ¾Ã ´Ã'€, Ð ¿Ã »Ã ¾Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð ¶Ã µ Ð ½Ã µÃ ¼Ã ¾Ã'‰Ð ½Ã °, an allusion to Mark 14:38) was translated into Russian and then back to English, the result was â€Å"The vodka is good, but the meat is rotten† (Ã' Ã ¿Ã ¸Ã'€Ã'‚, Ð ºÃ ¾Ã ½Ã µÃ'‡Ð ½Ã ¾, Ð ³Ã ¾Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ², Ð ½Ã ¾ Ð ¼Ã' Ã' Ã ¾ Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã'‚Ã'Æ'Ã'…Ð »Ã ¾). This is generally believed to be simply an amusing story, and not a factual reference to an actual machine translation error. [4] Rating Scales for Narrative (open-ended or constructed) Questions Question: secretarial experience 76| Well QualifiedCandidate has extensive independent secretarial/clerical experience (may be more than approximately five years). Candidate has extensive experience dealing with a wide variety of complex issues relative to challenges encountered in the secretarial/clerical work environment. Candidate provides specific details with respect to the diversity of tasks/projects they were involved in, and his/her roles and responsibilities. Candidate’s response is thorough and complete and completely addresses the question. | 543| QualifiedCandidate has adequate independent secretarial/clerical experience (may be approximately three to four years). Candidate has experience dealing with a variety of complex issues relative to challenges encountered in the secretarial/clerical work environment; however, his/her experience is not as thorough as that of the well-qualified candidate. Candidate provides specific details in the same areas described for the well-qualified candidate. Candidate’s response is complete and addresses the question. | 21| Limited QualificationCandidate has limited independent secretarial/clerical experience (may be less than approximately three years). Candidate may have some experience, but that experience is limited or presented vaguely. Candidate may not provide specific details in response to the question. Candidate’s response may not be clear or complete. Candidate’s experience is limited and not at the level required for this position. | Question: social services experience. 76| Well QualifiedCandidate has extensive experience providing professional level social services (may be more than approximately four years). Candidate has experience dealing with a wide variety of issues relative to providing these services. Candidate provides specific details with respect to the services they have provided, the diversity of tasks/projects completed, and his/her role and responsibility. Candidate’s response is thorough and complete and addresses all of the above-outlined areas. | 543| QualifiedCandidate has adequate experience providing professional level social services (may be approximately three to four years). Candidate has experience dealing with a variety of issues relative to providing these services; however, his/her experience is not as thorough as that of the well-qualified candidate. Candidate provides specific details in the same areas described for the well-qualified candidate. Candidate’s response is complete and addresses all of these areas. | 21| Limited QualificationCandidate lacks adequate experience providing professional level social services (may be less than approximately three years), as required for this position. Candidate may have some experience, but that experience is limited or presented vaguely. Candidate may not provide specific details in response to the outlined areas of the question. Candidate’s response may not be clear or complete. Candidate’s experience is limited and not at the level required for this position. | Question: experience working with involuntarily committed individuals in a secured setting 76| Well QualifiedCandidate has extensive experience working with involuntarily committed individuals in a secured setting (may be approximately two years). Candidate has experience dealing with a variety of tasks in this setting, including basic cleaning and maintenance. Candidate provides specific details with respect to the duties performed, diversity of situations encountered, and his/her role in providing service. Candidate’s response is thorough and complete and addresses all of the above-outlined areas. | 543| QualifiedCandidate has adequate experience working with involuntarily committed individuals in a secured setting (may be approximately one year). Candidate has experience dealing with the most important tasks (e. g. , perimeter patrol); however, his/her experience is not as thorough as that of the well-qualified candidate. Candidate provides specific details in the same areas described for the well-qualified candidate. Candidate’s response is complete and adequately addresses the question. | 21| Limited QualificationCandidate lacks adequate experience working with involuntarily committed individuals in a secured setting (may be less than one year), as required for this position. Candidate may have some experience, but that experience is limited or presented vaguely. Candidate may not provide specific details in response to the scope of the question. Candidate’s response may not be clear or complete. Candidate’s experience is limited and not at the level required for this position. | Question: interview experience 76| Well QualifiedCandidate has extensive experience interviewing clients to gather information (may be more than approximately two years). Candidate has experience dealing with a wide variety of individuals in a range of situations and specifically identifies the communication medium (e. g. , telephone, in-person). Candidate provides specific details with respect to the duties performed, purpose of interview, diversity of situations encountered, and his/her role. Candidate’s response is thorough and complete and addresses all of the above-outlined areas. | 543| QualifiedCandidate has adequate experience interviewing clients to gather information (may be approximately one to two years). Candidate has experience dealing with a variety of issues relative to interviewing; however, his/her experience is not as thorough as that of the well-qualified candidate. Candidate provides specific details in the same areas described for the well-qualified candidate. Candidate’s response is complete and addresses all of these areas. | 21| Limited QualificationCandidate lacks  adequate experience conducting interviews with clients (may be less than approximately one year), as required for this position. Candidate may have some experience, but that experience is limited or presented vaguely. Candidate may not provide specific details in response to the scope of the question. Candidate’s response may not be clear or complete. Candidate’s experience is limited and not at the level required for this position. | Question: customer service experience 76| Well QualifiedCandidate has extensive customer service experience (may be more than approximately three years). Candidate has experience dealing with a wide variety of individuals in a range of situations (including communicating with difficult and/or hostile customers/clients). Candidate provides specific details with respect to the duties performed, purpose of customer service, diversity of situations encountered, and his/her role in providing service. Candidate’s response is thorough and complete and addresses all of the above-outlined areas. | 543| QualifiedCandidate has adequate customer service experience (may be approximately one to two years). Candidate has experience dealing with a variety of issues relative to providing customer service; however, his/her experience is not as thorough as that of the well-qualified candidate. Candidate provides specific details in the same areas described for the well-qualified candidate. Candidate’s response is complete and addresses all of these areas. | 21| Limited QualificationCandidate lacks adequate experience providing customer service (may be less than approximately one year), as required for this position. Candidate may have some experience, but that experience is limited or presented vaguely. Candidate may not provide specific details in response to the scope of the question. Candidate’s response may not be clear or complete. Candidate’s experience is limited and not at the level required for this position. | Semantic differential scale http://edutechwiki. unige. ch/en/Semantic_differential_scale#Examples Attitude scale for a web site (S. Kim MacGregor and Yiping Lou) * boring-interesting * meaningless-meaningful * important-unimportant, * informative-uninformative * disorganized-organized * easy-difficult Websites From UPA’s web maintenance and design, retrieved April 11, 2011. The XXX association whose web site looks like this is: Unfriendly__1__2__3__4__5__6__7Friendly Amateurish__1__2__3__4__5__6__7Professional Ineffective__1__2__3__4__5__6__7Effective Dull__1__2__3__4__5__6__7Interesting Outdated__1__2__3__4__5__6__7Up-to-date Serious __1__2__3__4__5__6__7 Fun Weak__1__2__3__4__5__6__7Strong This visual design is: Cluttered__1__2__3__4__5__6__7Simple Unbalanced__1__2__3__4__5__6__7Balanced Unpleasant__1__2__3__4__5__6__7Pleasant Delicate__1__2__3__4__5__6__7Bold Confusing__1__2__3__4__5__6__7Clear Self report NURSING EXPERTISE SELF-REPORT SCALE Please circle the answer that best describes you. * 1. I am an: RN Other * 2. My job is: Staff nurse Assistant Nurse Manager Other * 3. Length of time since graduating as an RN: Under 6 months 6 * months to 3 years More than 3 years * 4. Length of time working on your unit:: Under 6 months 6 months to * 3 years More than 3 years * 5. Previous experience in nursing prior to graduating as an RN: Under * 6 months 6 months to 3 years More than 3 years The following is a list of statements about nursing care. Please circle the number that best represents your agreement with the statement. 1. Strongly Agree 2. Agree 3. Unsure 4. Disagree 5. Strongly Disagree * 1. I often know ahead of time that my patient will take a turn for the worse. 1 * 2. I frequently draw on past experiences when making patient care decisions. 2 * 3. Quality nursing care results from strictly adhering to policy and procedure. 5 * 4. When I do patient care, only a few pieces of information stand out as critically important. 2 * 5. I am consciously aware of the process of decision making in patient care. 1 * 6. Emotional attachments get in the way of good nursing care. 5 * 7. When something goes wrong with my patient, I seem to know automatically what to do. 2 * 8. Sometimes I find it difficult to identify objective reasons for certain patient care decisions. 2 * 9. The best way to give good nursing care is to get close to the patient. 2 * 10. I find it time consuming to set priorities in patient care. 5 * 11. I make my best decisions about patient care when I remain objective. 4 * 12. In an emergency, things happen so quickly that I don’t know what to do. 5 * 13. I base my patient care decisions more often on the rules that I learned in nursing school than on my experience in patient care. 5 * 14. It seems obvious to me what things need to be done first for my patients. 2 * 15. I use facts such as lab values and vital signs as my main source of information for making patient care decisions. 5 * 16. I usually require a lot of information about a patient care situation before I am comfortable with making a decision. 4 * 17. I do my best nursing care when I become truly involved with the patient. 1 * 18. I am comfortable with altering standard patient care procedures when I see the need. 3 * 19. Sudden patient care emergencies usually come as a complete surprise to me. 5 * 20. Most often I find myself relying on gut feelings when it comes to patient care. 5 Source: Reprinted with permission from G. Garland, Self-Report of Competence, Journal of Nursing Staff Development, Vol. 12, No. 4, p. 197, 1996, Lippincott-Raven. http://www. research-paper-example. com/nursing-self-report-scale. html http://upload. wikimedia. org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Example_Likert_Scale. svg Administering the thurstone scale Here is the final form. The respondents check only the statements with which they agree. The average ratings by the judges are shown in parentheses. These would not be included on the actual form given to respondents. Note that the more positive statements have a higher weight. This is a scale to measure your attitude toward marijuana. It does not deal with any other drug, so please consider that the items pertain to marijuana exclusively. We want to know how students feel about this topic. In order to get honest answers, the questionnaires are to be filled out anonymously. Do not sign your name. Please check all those statements with which you agree. | ___| 1. | I don’t approve of something that puts you out of a normal state of mind. (3.0) | ___| 2. | It has its place. (7. 1) | ___| 3. | It corrupts the individual (2. 2) | ___| 4. | Marijuana does some people a lot of good. (7. 9). | ___| 5. | Having never tried marijuana, I can’t say what effects it would have. (6. 0) | ___| 6. | If marijuana is taken safely, its effect can be quite enjoyable. (8. 9) | ___| 7. | I think it is horrible and corrupting. (1. 6) | ___| 8. | It is usually the drug people start on before addiction. (4. 9) | ___| 9. | It is perfectly healthy and should be legalized. (10. 0) | ___| 10. | Its use by an individual could be the beginning of a sad situation. (4. 1) | http://psychology. ucdavis. edu/sommerb/sommerdemo/scaling/enrich/thurstone. html Iba ang Pinoy ni Princess O. Canlas Ang Pilipinas ay binubuo ng iba’t ibang lalawigan, at bawat lalawigan ay may kanya-kanyang bernakular. Ngunit iba-iba man ang salita, iba-iba mang lugar ang kinalakihan, iisa lang ang ugat na pinagmulan. Tayo ay Pilipino. Mahirap malaman kung ang isang tao ay Pilipino nga o hindi sa kasalukuyang panahon. Sapagkat ang iba sa atin ay mas nananalantay ang dugong banyaga. At kung minsan pa’y mahirap ding alamin sa kanilang gamit na wika. May maitim at mayroon namang maputi. May matangos ang ilong at mayroon namang sarat. May matangkad at mayroon din namang pandak. Ngunit isang katangian ang nagbubuklod sa mga Pilipino upang sila’y makilala mo at masabing: â€Å"IBA ANG PINOY! † Ang pagkakawanggawa ay may taglay na iba’t ibang katangian. Sapagkat ang taong mapagkawanggawa ay masasabi ring matulungin sa kapwa, magalang, mabait, mapagbigay, mapagpaumanhin, mapagtimpi, o mapang-unawa. At ang pagkakawanggawang ito ang makikita sa mga Pilipino. Isang katangiang higit sa kayamanan. Mapapansin hanggang sa kasalukuyan na ang Pinoy ay may kusang loob na pagtulong sa mga taong nasa kanyang paligid, kilala man niya ang mga ito o hindi. Sa lansangan, ang mga bata ay tinutulungang makatawid nang matiwasay. Ang matatanda ay inaalalayan sa kanilang paglalakad. Ang maraming dala-dalahan ay tinutulungan sa pagbibitbit. Ang mga hindi sinasadyang mahulog na bagay ay pinupulot upang iabot. Ang mga upuan sa pampublikong sasakyan ay ipinagkakaloob ng mga kalalakihan sa matatanda o sa kababaihan. Pagbibigay ng pagkain sa mga nagugutom. Pagbabahagi sa mga nangangailangan. Pagtanggap sa mga bisita nang may sigla, paghahain ng pagkain kahit kung minsan ay wala ng matira para sa kanila. At minsan nama’y pag-ako sa mga gawaing naiwan ng iba. At ang lahat ng mga ito ay ginawa ng kusang-loob at hindi napilitan lamang. Iyan ang Pinoy. Likas sa mga Pilipino ang pagkakawanggawa. At ang kalikasang ito ay dapat ingatan at pagyamanin pa. Nababatid ba natin na ang katangiang ito ay nakapagkukubli ng mga pagkukulang na ating nagawa sa mata ng Diyos? Sa iyong paggawa ng kabutihan, maaring may mga pagkakataon na ika’y hindi napasalamatan o nginitian man lamang ng iyong tinulungan. At ang iyong ginawa akala mo’y walang saysay o walang kabuluhan. Ngunit may Isang higit sa lahat ay nakakaalam. At Siya ang tanging makapagsusukli sa iyong kabutihan. Ang paggawa ng kabutihan sa kapwa ay may katumbas na gantimpala sa Panginoon. Ngunit hindi man natin makamit ang biyayang iyon dito sa lupa, makasisiguro tayong sa langit ay ipagkakaloob ng Diyos ang gantimpala. Tayo’y mga Pilipino, at nananalantay rin sa ating ugat ang dugong Kristiyano. Ang pagkakawanggawa ay patuloy nating ihandog o ibahagi sa ating kapwa. At hayaang ang ibang bansa ang magsabing, Pinoy ay dakila!

The Metamorphosis by F. Kafka

Franz Kafka belongs to those writers of the twentieth century whose fiction express sorrow over the fracturing of human community. Though Kafka remains exceptional in that he enjoyed no public recognition during his lifetime, his world-fame came to him only after his death. His well-developed, modernist parables often do not have any fixed meaning, yet they reflect the insecurities of an age when faith in old-established beliefs has crumbled. Kafka masterfully combines within one framework the knowable and mysterious, an exact portrayal of the factual world with a dreamlike and magical dissolution of it. By unifying those contrary elements he was able to achieve some new fusion style in prose fiction. The analysis of one of his works will allow seeing in what way Kafka attains that profound quality of his expression of the experience of human loss, estrangement, and guilt – an experience increasingly dominant in the modern age.Kafka's best-known story The Metamorphosis is the demonstrative example of Kafkaesque paradox which consists in clashing the realism of commonplace detail with not just improbable but absurd turns of events. The inner world of Kafka’s character seeps from imaginable to actual, Gregor Samsa in The Metamorphosis transmews into an insect as the only way to manifest his insect-like relationship to the world, where he lives. It is no dream.The Metamorphosis is peculiar as a narrative in having its climax in the very first sentence: â€Å"As Gregor Samsa awoke one morning from uneasy dreams he found himself transformed in his bed into a gigantic insect.† (Kafka, 19) The rest of the story falls away from this high point of astonishment in one long expiring sigh. This form of narrative, which contradicts all conventional concepts of presenting the discourse, violates the rules just the same as the people’s faith in particular ancient beliefs had been violated in the twentieth century. As it is known, the traditional na rrative bases on the drama of dà ©nouement, the so-called solution of complications and the coming to a conclusion.For Kafka such form is not acceptable because it is just exactly the absence of dà ©nouement and conclusions that is his subject matter. His story is about death, but death that is without dà ©nouement, death that is merely a spiritually petering out. The first sentence of The Metamorphosis announces Gregor Samsa’s death and the rest of the story is his slow dying. However, in no case Kafka’s protagonist is going to give up meekly. He struggles against the reality of life which, actually turned out to be a death for him; in his case, it follows, his life is his death and there is no escape. For a moment, it is true, near the end of his long dying, while listening to his sister play the violin, he feels â€Å"as if the way were opening before him to the unknown nourishment he craved† (Kafka, 76); but the nourishment remains unknown, he is locked i nto his room for the last time and he expires.What Gregor awakens to on the morning of his metamorphosis is the truth of his life. His ordinary consciousness has lied to him about himself; now he is confronted with the transference from his habitual self-understanding into the nightmare of truth. That dreadful dream, which he got into, reveals, in fact, reality, which he could not have understood before – he is a vermin, a disgusting creature shut out from â€Å"the human circle.† (Kafka, 33) At this point it should be underlined that Kafka prefers to use a metaphor, so that Gregor Samsa is not like a vermin but he is vermin. Anything less than metaphor, such as a simile comparing Gregor to vermin, would diminish the reality of what Kafka is trying to represent. Gregor appears in a dream and it is only natural that a dreamer, while dreaming, takes his dream for reality. However, his metamorphosis is indeed no dream but a revelation of the truth. And this truth is compo sed of an array of facts.First of all he grasps the deteriorative effect of his job upon his soul, the job that materially supports him but cuts him off from the possibility of real human associations:Oh God, he thought, what an exhausting job I've picked on! Traveling about day in, day out. It's much more irritating work than doing the actual business in the office, and on top of that there's the trouble of constant traveling, of worrying about train connections, the bad and irregular meals, the human associations that are no sooner struck up than they are ended without ever becoming intimate. The devil take it all! (Kafka, 20)He has been sacrificing himself by working at his meaningless, degrading job so as to pay off an old debt of his parents’ to his employer. Otherwise â€Å"I'd have given notice long ago, I'd have gone to the chief and told him exactly what I think of him.† (Kafka, 21) But even now, with the truth of his self-betrayal pinning him on his back to h is bed, he is unable to claim himself for himself and decide to quit—he must wait â€Å"another five or six years†:Once I’ve saved enough money to pay back my parents' debts to him—that should take another five or six years—I’ll do it without fail. I’ll cut myself completely loose then. For the moment, though, I'd better get up, since my train goes at five. (Kafka, 21)Another truth revealed through metamorphosis is the situation in the Samsa family: on the surface, the official sentiments of the parents and the sister toward Gregor, and of Gregor toward them and toward himself; underneath, the horror and disgust, and self-disgust: â€Å"†¦ family duty required the suppression of disgust and the exercise of patience, nothing but patience.† (Kafka, 65) His metamorphosis is a judgment on himself from the standpoint of his defeated humanity. Philip Rahv has very suggestively analyzed the subjective meaning of the insect symbol here by showing that quite frequently brothers and sisters are symbolically represented in dreams as animals or insects and that, since in this story of family life one of the underlying themes is the displacement of Samsa in the family hierarchy by his sister, it should, on the psychological plane, be looked upon as, on Kafka’s part, a construct of wish and guilt thoughts. (Rahv, pp. 61-62)Gregor breaks out of his room the first time hoping that his transformation will turn out to be â€Å"nonsense†; the second time, in the course of defending at least his hope of returning to his â€Å"human past.† His third eruption, in Part III, has quite a different aim. The final section of the story discovers a Gregor who tries to dream again, after a long interval, of resuming his old place at the head of the family, but the figures from the past that now appear to him—his boss, the chief clerk, traveling salesmen, a chambermaid (â€Å"a sweet and fleeting memor y†), and so on—cannot help him, â€Å"they were one and all unapproachable and he was glad when they vanished.† (Kafka, 69) Defeated, he finally gives up all hope of returning to the human community. Now his existence slopes steeply toward death. His room is now the place in which all the household’s dirty old decayed things are thrown, along with Gregor, a dirty old decayed thing; and he has just stopped eating.At first he had thought he was unable to eat out of â€Å"chagrin over the state of his room† (72).   But then he discovered that he got â€Å"increasing enjoyment† from crawling about the filth and junk. On the last evening of his life, watching from his room the lodgers whom his family have taken in putting away a good supper, he comes to a crucial realization: â€Å"I’m hungry enough,† said Gregor sadly to himself, â€Å"but not for that kind of food. How these lodgers are stuffing themselves, and here am I dying o f starvation!†(Kafka, 74) In giving up at last all hope of reentering the human circle, Gregor finally understands the truth about his life; which is to say he accepts the knowledge of his death, for the truth about his life is his death-in-life by his banishment from the human community. But having finally accepted the truth, he begins to sense a possibility that exists for him only in his outcast state. He is hungry enough, he realizes, but not for the world’s stuff, â€Å"not for that kind of food.† (Kafka, 74)When Gregor breaks out of his room the third and last time, he is no longer trying to deceive himself about himself and get back to his old life with its illusions about belonging to the human community. What draws him out of his room the last night of his life is his sister’s violin playing. Although he had never cared for music in his human state, now the notes of the violin attract him surprisingly. Indifferent to the others, at last he has the courage to think about himself. The filthy starving underground creature advances onto â€Å"the spotless floor of the living room† where his sister is playing for the three lodgers. Here Kafka makes use of the idea that music expresses the inexpressible, that it points to a hidden sphere of spiritual power and meaning.Creating in The Metamorphosis a character who is real and unreal, replete with meaning and empty of self, Kafka encourages his readers to fill in the void that exists at the center of the insect-Gregor's self. Thus, as a reader, one can come to conclusion that Gregor’s metamorphosis is a symbol of his alienation from the human state, of his â€Å"awakening† to the full horror of his dull, spiritless existence, and of the desperate self-disgust of his unconscious life.Reference:Kafka, Franz (1952) Selected Short Stories of Franz Kafka. Translators Edwin Muir, Willa Muir New York: Modern Library, 1952Rahv, Philip. (1939). Franz Kafka: the Hero as L onely Man. The Kenyon Review, I (1)

Titration

Determination of the Percent Acetic Acid in Vinegar Objectives: (1) To introduce and use the concept of solution geochemistry (2) To specifically use solution geochemistry to determine the percent of acetic acid in vinegar. (3) To prepare a standard solution by the method of titration.Consider the following balanced chemical equations: IPPP + + OH (2) (4) (5) HCI + Noah HASPS + Noah CLC + – HASPS + – Niacin + HO Nassau + OHO acacia + OHO cases + OHO These reactions in water have one feature in common: a hydrogen ion from one impound reacts with a hydroxide ion from the other compound to form water. The compound furnishing the hydrogen ion is called an acid and the one furnishing the hydroxide ion is called a base. The metal ion (the action) of the base and the anion of the acid combine to form a salt. In this context, salt is essentially synonymous with ionic compound.Reactions such as these are called acid-base reactions. The concepts of solution reactions and geochemi stry in this experiment are applicable to any chemical reaction taking place in solution, not Just the acid base reactions indicated here. Geochemistry is the area of chemistry that deals with how much of one compound reacts with another. When compounds are mixed in amounts such that these amounts Just exactly react and none of any reactant is in excess (they are all the limiting reagent), this mixture is said to be a psychometric mixture or that psychometric amounts have been mixed.Observation of the above balanced equations indicates that symptomatically reaction occurs so that the total number of hydrogen ions available in the amount of acid reacting is the same as the total number of hydroxide ions available in the amount of base reacting. Thus in reaction 2) above, one mole (or one molecule) of HASPS (sulfuric acid) can furnish the same number of hydrogen as the number of hydroxides that two mole (or two molecules) of Noah can furnish.Therefore one mole of HASPS reacts with 2 m oles of Noah (or one molecule of HASPS reacts with two molecules of Noah). This type of geochemistry information is obtained from any balanced chemical equation. In a solution the militarily, M, is the number of moles of solute in a liter of solution. Thus where n is the number of moles and V the volume in liters. By equation (6), the number of moles of solute in V liters of a solution of militarily M is Suppose one takes 34. 56 ml off 0. 13 M solution of sulfuric acid (HASPS).If one has a certain volume of sulfuric acid solution, there is one volume of a given Noah solution needed such that equivalent amounts of the two reactants are mixed. Equivalent amounts are the amounts that symptomatically react (that is, none of either reactant is left over). When the amount of Noah (in solution or otherwise) needed for psychometric reaction has been added, this is called the equivalence point. In the laboratory, the determination of the volume (the amount) of Noah required to exact symptoma tically with the sulfuric acid solution is done by a procedure called titration.A burette is used to measure an accurate volume of the sulfuric acid solution into a flask. A few drops of an indicator is added and another burette is used to add the Noah solution to the sulfuric acid solution until there is a visual change in color of the solution (due to the indicator). There is a visual change in color in the solution caused by the indicator, a substance that changes color as close as possible to the point when the psychometric amount of Noah (in this case) has been added. When the solution changes color (the indicator changes color) this is called the endpoint of the titration.The solution should be colorless and change to a pink color (for the phenolphthalein indicator used here) upon the addition of one drop of Noah iterant. The indicator phenolphthalein is pink in basic solutions and colorless in acid solutions. The solution for the titration of sulfuric acid with Noah changes f rom acidic (indicator colorless) to basic (indicator pink) at the endpoint. At the endpoint the solution is slightly basic when the iterant is a base. Other indicators have a different color change but work the same in principle. The endpoint and the equivalence point should be as nearly the same as possible.In general for a sample of an acid which has z acid hydrogen titrated with Noah, the equation using normality, CEQ 38, is unchanged but CEQ 39 becomes CEQ 40 (40) % acid = (1 of For a sample of an acid with acid acid hydrogen titrated with a base with Sybase hydroxide ions, the percent of the acid in the sample is given by (41) (Sybase/acid)(Numb)(mom of Titration are usually used to determine the amount of a substance in a sample of a old or in a solution by determining the volume of iterant that is needed to react with the desired compound.In order to do this, the militarily and/or normality of the iterant solution must be accurately known and the chemical reaction between the m must be known. This concepts and calculations above are not restricted to acid/base reactions and can be used for other types of chemical reactions. The definition of gram equivalent weight may change, however, to keep the requirement that one equivalent react with one equivalent. See the appendix to Experiment 9 for more illustration of this. If one considers the operations above, it will become clear why solutions are used in the laboratory.It would be difficult without using solutions to effect the reaction of the sodium hydroxide (a solid) with the vinegar sample (a liquid) and make accurate measurements in regard to how much sodium hydroxide would be required to react with a given sample of the vinegar. Using solutions makes the process much easier and convenient and is one of the reasons chemists use solutions. It does, however, require that one learn about solution concentrations and how they can relate to reaction geochemistry.In CEQ 32, note that in reaction only one of t he four hydrogen in acetic acid reacts with the Noah to give a salt and water. Not all the hydrogen in compounds will react with the hydroxide of Noah to form water. Those that will are called acid hydrogen and the acid hydrogen are written first in the formula for a compound. Thus the formula for acetic acid is HACHURE indicating that it has one acid hydrogen. The determination of which and how many of the hydrogen are acid hydrogen in a compound must be done experimentally but once this is done, the formula is written so as to indicate this.

Can one teach people to be good Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Can one teach people to be good - Essay Example Education philosophy helps the student to develop himself into a good human, in addition to acquiring the required skills to solve the present day problems. Education is a process of inculturation, into some specific culture. This process transpires, informally in the family, church, media, government and the press. Educational institutions enable formal enculturation. Thus, interaction between the people and society is of great significance. People share values and behaviour, and education transmits values to the succeeding generations(Kritsonis). In general, the good inherent in a society is transmitted to the pupils. The long established philosophies serve to influence the perceptions of the people, and education transmits these philosophies. There are several factors that determine the effectiveness of education. These include instruction, curriculum, role of the teacher, role of the student, and the commitment of the school to effect change(Kritsonis). Educational philosophy nurtures the character of individuals, helps them to gain knowledge, and makes them ready to undertake responsibility in each and every aspect of their life. Teenagers are enabled to obtain the elements of mankind, and this places them in a better position to circumvent social problems (Hassan, 2009, p. 466). Through educational philosophy, one can teach good things to others in a much simpler manner. Educational philosophy consists of some important factors. These are based on the manner in which children acquire knowledge, the objective behind education and schools, and the function of the teacher. These elements permit one to assess the subjects to be taught and the procedure to be adopted in such teaching. Moreover, classroom management and discipline techniques have a direct bearing on the elements of educational philosophy(Widick). Philosophy of education emerged predominantly from the analytical efforts of the English thinkers. However, education issues were not strangers to the classical philosophers, such as Plato, Aristotle and Socrates, and the more recent stalwarts, like Kant and Dewey. Nevertheless, the pioneering work in this genre has been deemed to be that of C. D. Hardy(Seshadri, 2008). From the perspective of Emotional Literacy Education, it is incumbent upon every individual to comprehend himself and other individuals. On the other hand, the extant education system is founded on the belief that every person should acquire the ability to perform arithmetical calculations, read and write(Zimmerman, 2005). These latter accomplishments enable the student to obtain a certain degree of economic capability. Mere economic capability cannot enable a man to attain knowledge that is useful for leading a happy and productive life. Despite the seemingly pragmatic approach of the existing educational system, there are quite a few drawbacks. For instance, no method is taught by means of which the pupil can achieve happiness, which has been described as an emotional and economic state. This resulted in the emergence of Emotional Literacy Education, which employ terms that enable a student to evaluate his emotional beliefs(Zimmerman, 2005). Emotional beliefs cannot resolve problems in a meaningful manner. This is the major drawback with the present educational system. The stalwarts of education philosophy, of the ilk of Prof. R.S. Peters have declared that

The New Woman in Kate Chopin's the Awakening Essay

The New Woman in Kate Chopin's the Awakening - Essay Example This means that for almost half a century before Kate Chopin published The Awakening, society had been engaged in a struggle over equal rights issues and social ideologies. As an outcome of this struggle, female part of the society had, to some extent, already undergone mobilization and emancipation from their socioeconomic captivity. The following research is to review and analyze on the example of Kate Chopin's novel about the "sexual awakening" and an unconventional behavior of a woman how for the first time in the USA, women began to bring the formerly private issues of family and home into the public domain and this way caused significant social changes. As many biographers admit today, writing a story of another person's life story is writing one's own as well. If we try to find out why Kate Chopin wrote her novel and how the society accepted it, we will often find the answers in the French women the voices of whom dominated Chopin's formative years. Many historians note that women during the post-Civil War period regularly took part in the marketplace, earned their own sources of support, broke with derogatory forms of financial dependency on men. Culley M. asserts that women "at all levels of society were active in attempts to better their lot, and the "New Woman", the late nineteenth-century equivalent of the "liberated woman", was much on the public mind" (Culley 117). In middle 1899, nearly 50 years after the women's movement officially had started, the social and cultural background seemed favorable for the literary introduction of Edna Pontellier, Kate Chopin's fictional character. The plot of the novel can be depicted in short as follows. The main character, Edna Pontellier is 28 years old, married to a 40-year-old New Orleans businessman who earn living for her and their two sons. She is satisfied but not really happy. During one summer at Grand Isle, a charming Creole resort, she has several awakenings. A real romance occurs between Edna and the resort owner's young son, Robert Lebrun, after he teaches her swimming and she gets the feeling of power and sensuality. Meanwhile, Edna makes friends with Madame Adle Ratignolle, a woman who is fully contented in her traditional woman role, but whose affectionate ways and insights draw Edna to speculate about herself and learn striking things. Being a motherless child and an intellectual Edna now realizes that she has married Lonce Pontellier only in order to annoy her family, and to close the door on unreal obsessions and dreams. She realized that she became a mother without particularly wish to be one, and did not raise that question until that moment. During Edna's summer of awakenings she starts, with the help of her female friends, recovering her voice. The peculiar, slightly sinister pianist Mademoiselle Reisz develops Edna's deep appreciation for music and inspires her flirtation with Robert, who, suddenly leaves for Mexico. After coming back home Edna begins to ignore her wifely obligations. Listening to her own inner voice, Edna starts expressing opinions, and while she is ecstatically alone, organizes a luxurious dinner party before moving herself to a little house. Later on Edna has

Project management Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Project management - Term Paper Example Notably, the Ineum Constancy was acquired in the year 2006 while Kurt Salmon Associates was acquired in the year 2007. Originally, PLC Company was named after its founder Alexander Proudfoot PLC; however, in the year 1993, that name was change to Proudfoot PLC. In January 2011, Proudfoot PLC changed its name to the current name Management Consulting Group, PLC. Initially, the Alexander Proudfoot Company was operating in Chicago particularly immediately after it was formed in the 25 February 1946 before later moving to Oxford Street. The main reason for the formation of Alexander Proudfoot Company was that its founder was highly fascinated with challenges that were affecting the consulting firms during his time. Moreover, he was never pleased with manner in which these firms were being operated; therefore, he decided to set up a new company that would offer an alternative consultation services (Marans17). According to Alexander, his new consulting company was to provide two main servi ces that included selling unique proprietary services or products that aimed at producing tangible outcomes (Major Companies of Europe 14). Furthermore, he wanted his new consulting company to have benefits that exceeded costs immensely. ... considered business best practice in the consultancy was immensely pegged on the ancient philosophies including those of Plato, Aristotle, and Socrates. In fact, the same philosophical approach was used and has been used to govern both the internal and the external management in all the consultancy engagements of the company (Major Companies of Europe 14). This management type has become a global entity that governs the strategies and consultancy management of the merged Kurt Salmons Associates and the Ineum Consultants. Apparently, these philosophies have managed to enable effective and efficient operation and management as well as the performance of this consultancy since its merger in January 2011. The Ineum Constancy was made founded from the France Consulting division such as Deloitte. Ineum was specialized in corporate strategy, corporate organization, and issues that are related to information systems. Until its merger, Ineum had nearly 1,300 employees across the world includi ng in countries including Australia, France, Morocco, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Algeria, Tunisia, the United States, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. The company has different offices globally to facilitate its operations (Major Companies of Europe 14). The company also had some of its offices in Unite Kingdom where it had experienced rapid growth and growth in the staff members. It has been noted that the firm is expecting increase in the number of staff numbers in its head offices in the United Kingdom. Project Background The current numbers of employees of the PLC Company are approximated at 500 a number in which is expected to increase. Currently, 200 of the employees are postulated to be working at the office with each having a desk and a working station. However, the

The Pricing Strategies and Programs of Etisalat Essay

The Pricing Strategies and Programs of Etisalat - Essay Example In 1983, the company changed its ownership structure when the United Arab Emirates government took over a 60 percent share of the company, giving it majority ownership, with the other 40 percent of stock offered to the public. Today, this company operates under the brand Etisalat. The firm is a diverse multinational company that operates in 18 countries throughout the Middle East, Africa, The United States, and Africa (etisalat.ae, 1). Etisalat services over 100 million customers in these countries and has achieved annual net revenues of AED 30.83 billion in 2009 (etisalat.ae, 1). The company is a major telecommunications provider to the private citizen and to corporate entities, with mobile services, voice and data services over satellite and fixed-lines. The business also is involved in providing managerial and technical training support services to enterprises as well as SIM card manufacturing, voice and data transit services, and even telecommunications in submarines (etisalat.ae, 1). The business is a major broadband hub for Middle East businesses and consumers with a very broad trans-national network. It provides also roaming and data services for corporate entities. In addition, Etisalat provides iPhone services and Blackberry services exclusive to the se products. Major competitors of Etisalat include Vodafone, MobiNil, Singapore Telecommunications and China Mobile. (BBC News, 1). Current regulations reductions in the UAE and other countries have also reduced barriers of new market entry for competition, thus the business faces even more competition from global and regional telecommunications companies as they are now allowed to enter the UAE and other Middle Eastern markets with less tariffs, taxations, and less governmental involvement. Data on the Chief Executive Officer of Etisalat The CEO is currently Mohammed Khalfan Al Qamzi who has held this position since 2006. Al Qamzi has an excellent track record of bringing innovative solutions to Etisalat founded on years of business management and investment experience. Mohammed Al Qamzi is a graduate of Spokane Community College, attended from 1999 to 2002. Most of Al Qamzi’s experience is in real estate, with involvement in Jumairah Golf Estate, Palm Jabel Ali, and currently works as th e director of real estate venture Palm Jumairah (linkedin.com, 1). The CEOs credentials include vast knowledge of logistics, security, environment and sustainability practices, document management and project control (linkedin.com, 2). His vast resume of business success has brought Etisalat considerable market presence and growth opportunities over the last five years. Marketing Principles for Etisalat Etisalat understands the importance of marketing for brand-building and also to secure differentiation among competitors who offer similar products at similar pricing structures. Targeting for the company involves a blend of strategies. First, Etisalat considers geographic segmentation based on volume of citizens in a region and urban population and infrastructure. Targeting considers gender (considering most Mid-Eastern countries are male-dominated), literacy levels of international and domestic consumers, specific customs and traditions, the income levels of potential consumers, an d the current level of brand recognition of potential customers (marketingmixx.com, 2). Literacy is a significant factor when considering how to target advertising since this region does not support the highest literacy levels when compared to other developed countries across the world. The company’

Field Trip Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Field Trip Journal - Essay Example I even found myself loving the class more and more, especially when we began discussing the textbook and the beach types. By the time we started going for the trips, I was already in love with Marine Biology. A number of field trips that we went during the semester made the class more fun and lively and indeed, I learnt a number of things during these trips. Here is my journal on the various field trips that we went to. On 9th March 2013, we visited the Cabrillo Marion Aquarium. We arrived at around midday. The professor and the tour guide showed us around the shore. He told us to take care and be watchful of the animals and avoid those that were likely to harm us. He insisted on the safety measures that he had taught us. We then started the trip, and looked at the various animals in the aquarium. The various marine animals in the aquarium include the Lion Nudibranchia, which is a soft bodied animal. I learnt that it normally sheds it after the larval stage. I found it quite confusin g with the sea slug, and could not tell where their difference lay. Bat star (Patiria miniata) has five arms with a centre disc which is very wide. I was able to identify the many colours that the animals had, which were green, purple, red, orange, yellow and brown. I found it rather funny that an animal could have so many colours. Among the rocks I could make out the Giant sea star, (Pisaster giganteus) especially due to its huge size and the length of its arms which were very long. I also saw the warty sea cucumber (Parastichopus parvimensis) and felt its soft body that was cylindrical in shape. Its skin was leathery and which is either reddish brown or yellow in colour. California spiny lobster scared me with the huge body and large antennae that protruded from its head. I wondered how it would feel like for the animal carrying such large antennae on its forehead, imagining that it must get tired at times. California moray eel looked so ugly to me, with the huge mouth and the roc k like body that made it appear uglier and disgusting to look at. After visiting the aquarium, I think that looking and observing these marine creatures in real person is very different from studying them in a textbook. I felt that they are living, with their funny features, and sometimes weird nature making me awe at their uniqueness. I would suggest to the Cabrillo marine aquarium to assign bigger tanks or separate them because they appear to be too squeezed and uncomfortable. The following trip was to the Marine Mammal Care Centre that was on the 20th March 2013. The centre is a rehabilitation place for various animals in California, especially those that are hurt and the ones that cannot properly look after themselves. I felt quite sorry for the ones that were really wounded. However, the attendants who were mostly volunteers made me feel compassionate about animals. Their devotion towards the animals made me look at animal kingdom in a different way. While some people kill anim als for food and others wound them, some take care of their mess. There were two animals that I greatly mistook for sea lions since I had not gotten much used to their differences apart from the textbook pictures. However, I realized from the sign on the cage that they were On 27th March 2013, we visited the Point Fermin. Our professor allowed us to go to up to the shore.

Controller Suggestions for ABC Company Math Problem

Controller Suggestions for ABC Company - Math Problem Example There are numerous lawsuits that are filed against companies dealing with building materials as a result of faulty products, which lead to ‘sick buildings’. The company risks paying huge fines if it is accused of selling products of this nature and fails to win the case. i. What does this statement of cash flow tell you about the sources and uses of the company? The cash flow statement above shows that the company largely relies on the operating activities for financing, and most of its expenditure goes to the operating activities. Surprisingly, the company appears to have kept away from alternative investments, which could otherwise offer a reprieve to the cash flow challenges the company is experiencing. ii. Is there anything ABC Company can do to improve the cash flow? The ABC Company has many alternatives that can be used to improve its cash flow. The current cash situation is very bad especially because the company has focused on its operating activities to generate cash at the expense of alternative sources of cash. Ideally, the company can use borrowed cash to finance in new and profitable ventures. Currently, there is no evidence of the company repaying any loan interest and hence opting for a loan will balance the company’s capital structure. The company should also ensure that the cash that is borrowed is used to finance operations that will boost the sales by a big margin, so that the cash inflow from operations can be boosted. iii. Can this project be financed with current cash flow from the company? Why or why not? This project cannot get financing from the current cash flow from the company because it is not adequate. For instance, the current year’s cash flow statement revealed only $5,000 was left as the net balance. The anticipated project needs fiance to be sourced from outside, for example by borrowing from a bank or issuing new shares among other sources (Leary and Roberts 2575). iv. If the company needs additional financing beyond what the ABC Company can provide internally (either now or sometime throughout the life of the project), how would you suggest the company obtain the additional financing, equity or corporate debt, and why? The company should obtain corporate debt since it is the best option to finance this particular project. Ideally, this is the best option as opposed to equity because there is some evidence that the company has already invested in equity because of the dividends being paid to the shareholders, yet there is no evidence of debt finance. Perhaps, to realize the maximum from the invested capital, the company should strike a good balance between equity and debt. Furthermore, obtaining financing by issuing more equity shares will water down the shareholders stake and this could not be in the interest the shareholders. Therefore, it would be advisable for the company to obtain corporate debt so long as the benefits that will be realized from such financing will outweig h the interest paid for the debt (Leary and Roberts 2575). III. Product cost a. What is the product cost for the expansion product? Expansion Product (estimate) Selling Price ? Units produced and expected to be sold 5,000 Machine Hours 5,000 Direct Materials 28,000 Direct labor dollars

Creation of the Food Dye Coloring of a New Drink Lab Report

Creation of the Food Dye Coloring of a New Drink - Lab Report Example Food coloring involves the use of chemicals that add the intended color to the food. It is added often to drinks, condiments, and processed foods with the major aim of improving or maintaining the way a certain food appears. The main goal of this experiment is to come up with a dye solution that has the same composition as the one contained in a given commercial beverage. Synthesizing artificial dyes is cheaper compared to naturally occurring ones. Food dyes are important because they are used for numerous functions. They are used by manufacturers to enhance colors which occur naturally, providing the identity of foods, decorative purposes like in cakes color the colorless foods, provide consistency where varieties exist in the coloring, and in avoiding color losses resulting from environmental elements.Food dyes that are commonly used are pure organic chemicals, therefore, their use is limited to very small concentrations. The dyes which have been approved to be used in foods, drugs , and cosmetics are referred to as FD&C dyes. They are mainly large organic molecules that are developed to enhance or color the foods. Food dyes are used in very low concentrations which have been tested to be safe when consumed by human beings. Dyes occur either in natural form or artificial form. Natural dyes are obtained from natural sources such as minerals, animals, and plants while artificial ones are produced synthetically.This experiment is limited to the use of UV-Vis spectrometer in determining absorbencies of various samples.

Animal rights Essay Example for Free

Animal rights Essay Utilitarianism is concerned with happiness, and utilitarians accept the idea that value is universal so utilitarians believe that the intrinsic value of happiness it is unaffected by the identity of the being in which it is felt. Thus each counts for one, and none for more than one and my own interests cannot count for more, simply because they are my own, than the interests of others. Utilitarians support equality by the equal consideration of interests they reject any arbitrary distinctions as to who is worthy of concern and who isnt. This means that we reject egoism, racism, sexism, speciesism, and other forms of unfair discrimination. It does not mean that we deny that there are differences between individuals or between groups of individuals (some individuals are cleverer, taller, stronger, more emotional etc than others), just that there is no logically compelling reason for assuming that a difference in ability justifies any difference in the consideration we give to their interests. Utilitarians believe that while happiness, pleasure, joy, satisfaction, ecstasy and so-on are not synonyms, they do all represent positively intrinsically valuable feelings; and that the value they represent is of a similar kind, and so is convertible or equivalent (in some proportion). Pain, suffering, unhappiness, agony etc are all regarded similarly that the disvalue they represent is convertible, not only with that of the other negative feelings, but with the positive feelings too. This means, for example, that a utilitarian might believe that it is worthwhile to endure a certain amount of suffering now, if it ensures a greater amount of happiness later. In classical utilitarianism, happiness is regarded as positively valuable, and unhappiness (pain, suffering etc) is regarded is negatively valuable. Negative utilitarianism denies the positive aspect it denies that happiness is intrinsically valuable. By negative utilitarianism, the only goal (the only thing which is seen as good) is the reduction of suffering. Regular utilitarians and negative utilitarians agree on some issues, and disagree on others. A standard disagreement is illustrated by the fact that a negative utilitarian would believe that, if it were possible to exterminate all life in the universe instantly and painlessly and permanently, it would be correct and ethically required that we do so (in order to prevent any future suffering). A classical utilitarian might decide either way, depending on their estimation of the relative amounts of future suffering and happiness.

Physical Activity by Far Provides the Greatest Demand for Energy Essay Example for Free

Physical Activity by Far Provides the Greatest Demand for Energy Essay Physical activity by far provides the greatest demand for energy. Discuss how the intensity and duration of the exercise period and the relative contributions of the body’s means for energy transfer affect performance. In your answer mention availability of O2, food fuels used, energy threshold points, enzyme control and how the fitness of the participant affect performance. 20 marks Intensity is how hard you work for and duration is the length of time you exercise for. The energy continuum is used to show how the energy systems interact, to provide energy for the resynthesis of ATP and highlights the predominance of each of the 3 energy systems related to duration and intensity of exercise. When we look at high intensity and short duration such as 100m sprinting or 1500m we say the exercise intensity is anaerobic. This is because it takes place without the presence of oxygen. This type of exercise will use ATP/PC and LA systems will be predominant systems. A threshold represents the point at which one energy system is over by another as predominant energy systems to provide the energy to resynthesis ATP. The ATP/PC also known as the alactic system has a duration of 3-10 seconds during high intensity activities. It takes place in the sarcoplasm of the muscle cell and produces 1ATP molecule with aid of the enzyme Creatine Kinase. This is why in activities such as the 100m sprint it is predominant as it is a short duration with high intensity. The Lactic acid system uses glucose as the energy source to produce ATP from ADT and Pi, through various processes (phosphorlation dehydration and cleavage). The whole system provides 2ATP molecules with the aid of the enzyme PFK, this system also takes place in the sacroplasm of the muscle cell. This system has a maximum duration of 3 minutes, as during this process pyruvate is produced eventually leading to a build up of lactic acid. Therefore this system is most predominant during activities such as the 1500m running. During the higher intensisty exercise, lactate production will start to accumulate above resting levels and this is termed the ‘lactate threshold’. When blood lactate levels reach 4mmol/l the exercise intensity is referred to as ‘ the onset of blood lactate accumulation’ (OBLA). At this point the production of lactate has exceeded the removal rate. OBLA will continue to increase if exercise intensity remains the same/ increases eventually causing muscle fatigue. During these 2 systems it is important to allow recovery time. This is because if OBLA is exceeded. The acidity of the blood rises. This will cause efficiency of enzymes to decrease and may even cause them to denature. If this were to occur there would be a decrease in break down of energy stores and rate at which the enzymes used of the resysnthes of ATP would also slow down. This would lead to a lack of energy and in turn lead to muscle fatigue. Enzyme control is therefore important as a decrease in blood pH leads to a decrease in performance due to the inhibition of enzymes. To uses these energy systems require the uses of carbohydrates as their food fuel. As a result lack of carbohydrate stores will lead to earlier on set of fatigue therefore decreasing the duration of time that you can continue to work at a high intensity. Training is used to delay the onset of OBLA; therefore the fitter you are the later the onset of fatigue. This will therefore enable you to train harder for longer. When considering medium to low intensity activities with long duration such as marathon running, we say the exercise intensity is aerobic as it is done in the presence of oxygen. The predominant energy system will be aerobic system. This system has three sub systems; Aerobic glycolisis, kerb cycle and electron transport chain. Glycolisis involves the phosphoration of glucose (which comes from carbohydrate stores) which makes the its more reactive. The phosphate molecules come from the conversion of ATP to ADP. During the 7 steps with in glycolisis a total of 2 ATP molecules we used and 4 produced with pyruvate as the by-product. During the kerb cycle Co enzyme A is used to stimulate the reaction between the reaction pyruvate to produce 2ATP molecules and the by-products carbon dioxide and hydrogen. This reaction takes place in the matrix of the cell. Finally the electron transport chain which uses the enzyme ATPsynthase. In the respiratory chain the hydrogen atoms from NADH gradually release all their energy to form ATP. In total the aerobic system produces 34molecules of ATP and has a duration of grater than 3 mins. This is the type of system that would be used for marathon running. When exercise intensity reaches a point that anaerobic energy systems cannot supply energy quick enough, it has to use the lactic acid system to continue to provide energy for the resysnthesis of ATP. During the aerobic system availability of oxygen need to be high otherwise the performer will not bale to maintain the same intensity for a long duration. Many athletes train at altitude for endurance events. This is because altitude training allows the body to naturally increase the number of red blood cells available in the blood. It must do this in order to supply working muscles with enough oxygen as the percentage of oxygen in the air at altitude is lower. This adaption will remain when returning to sea level. For this system to work efficiently it requires the both carbohydrate stores and fat stores. Carbohydrates are used first as they are easier to use. However with training your, you can make your body use fat stores earlier. This will have an advantage for long distance and endurance athletes as it allows them to train for a longer duration of time. Enzyme control should remain constant as there is little production of lactic acid as the Aerobic energy system is predomaniant. In conclusion there is never a point at which one energy system is being used, only points where on is more prominent than another. The energy continuum shows how the ratio of energy systems in use can vary between activates. It is also important to remember that energy system can only work efficiently if the have the correct availability to oxygen, the correct food stores, energy control is maintained and good fitness levels are maintained.

Motivation of employees: Häagen-Dazs and Ben Jerrys

Motivation of employees: HÃ ¤agen-Dazs and Ben Jerrys This report provides analysis and research on motivation of employees working in Haagen-dazs and Ben Jerry. It is to find out why in todays business many employees in some companies no longer pay attention to the quality of their work. Method of analysis used for this report is by compare two companies which involved in the same area of business. It is necessary to investigate how they motivate their employees in order to keep their employees loyalty and make sure they perform their best. This report is made to provide information based on the motivation factors that could affect the employees performance level in a company. Employees in some companies operating today are not really performing well in the market. Some of them just do the job in what way they want which caused the company no longer has a lot of loyal customer and of course the companies profit will decrease. For this situation to be stopped, managers of the companies have to bring their employees to a situation whereby it is profitable and worthy for both employees and company. One of many ways to turn on the employees in the company is motivating themselves to do their very best although the manager is not around. As known, leadership styles of a company influence the level of motivation. Motivation is simply defined as what gets you started the drives that move yourself to do what you do. Motivation will lead to a state willingness of putting high effort in achieving organization goals. It is the desire, the passion that makes a human movement. Motivation is related with human psychology which shows the human attitudes, needs, and satisfaction inside human themselves, while other encourage factor from outside human caused by their leader such as manager or supervisor. So, employees motivation is influenced by the changing ambitions or leadership style he works under or socializes with. Motivation talks about how to instruct the power and potential of subordinates, to cooperate together so the company can achieves the goals, vision and mission optimally. To analyse how managers motivate their employees in todays company, this report will compare ice cream companies which are HÃ ¤agen-Dazs and Ben Jerry which have similar business environment. Case study of HÃ ¤agen-Dazs 2.1 Historical background of HÃ ¤agen-Dazs Company As known, HÃ ¤agen-Dazs is one of the most famous super premium ice cream in the world. Surprisingly although it has high butterfat content which is not good for health, it is reported that HÃ ¤agen-Dazs has higher sales than the other ice cream market segments. The history of HÃ ¤agen-Dazs starts from the year 1920s. Ruben Mattus, a young entrepreneur with the ambition of high quality of ice cream and his vision to create the finest ice cream in the world. To produce the finest ice cream available, he insisted on using only the finest and purest ingredients. In 1960, Mr Mattus, supported by his wife decided to form a new company which is dedicated to his ice creams vision. He called his new brand HÃ ¤agen-Dazs. (Haagen-dazs, 2008). HÃ ¤agen-Dazs convey the aura of the old-world tradition and craftsmanship and started out with only three flavors: vanilla, chocolate and coffee. At first, HÃ ¤agen-Dazs was only available in New York City. In 1976, Mr. Mattuss daughter opened the first HÃ ¤agen-Dazs shop. It became success and caused the expanded of the shop across the country. ÂÂ  In 1983 Mr. Mattus agreed to sell HÃ ¤agen-Dazs to The Pillsbury Company under the agreement that remained to the tradition of superior quality and innovation as the original HÃ ¤agen-Dazs.ÂÂ  In the year 2001, general millsÂÂ  bought Pillsbury and owned the HÃ ¤agen-Dazs (Haagen-dazs, 2008). In the United State, General Mills sold HÃ ¤agen-Dazs under theÂÂ  NestleÂÂ  licensing brand (Mahalo, 2010). Today, HÃ ¤agen-Dazs can be foundÂÂ  in over 900 HÃ ¤agen-Dazs Shops in 50 countries around the world. HÃ ¤agen-Dazs successfully reached their goals and target and start the me generation (Haagen-dazs, 2008). The motivation used by HÃ ¤agen-Dazs Reward from collecting point HÃ ¤agen-Dazs use the program called Star. This is an online employee reward and recognition program, which operated through a system of point. So the employees are rewarded based on their ability to achieve their monthly sales and the mystery shopping targets of the company. The point that they already have can be redeemed for gifts with the term that they must have worked for a minimum of three months. They also can collect their point first to claim more substantial gift. (allinhr, 2010) Thank you Card For the three top employees for exceeding expectation, company gives them award which takes the form of a Thank You card which says thank you in over 70 languages and has blank space which allow managers to personalize the card recognition. This certificated are displayed in the prominent place in the shop to improve the quality of work. Performance Chart Other motivation element in this company is that they have a performance chart which displayed on the staff notice board. There, employees can check the weekly and monthly sales of the company, which is colorful and easy to understand, includes the weekly motivational message from the manager complete with tips on how to improve the employees performance. (allinhr, 2010) Benefits As an employee in this company, on the top of competitive pay rates, you will also receive discount when buy ice cream. Full-time workers even get benefits packages such as healthcare coverage, and insurance (Job-application, 2010). Another benefits including saving plans advice, annual bonuses, vacation, summer hours, holiday, and flexible work arrangements. This company also offers an educational assistance for employees and family members. (Generalmills, 2011). Supporting environment As the owner of HÃ ¤agen-Dazs, General Mills provides seven diversity networks where employees can participate to exchange their ideas and information on a positive level. (Generalmills, 2011) Case study of Ben Jerrys 3.1 Historical background of Ben Jerrys Company Although the most popular flavour in the U.S. is vanilla, there also have people who like to try something new. Because of such thought, Ben Jerrys came out with funky flavours like Cherry Garcia, Chunky Monkey and a groovy Vermont vibe. With a $12,000 investment ($4,000 of it borrowed), Ben Cohen and Jerry, a childhood friends, opened their Ben Jerrys Homemade ice cream scoop at the corner of St. Paul and College Streets in downtown Burlington, Vermont, on 5 May 1978. (Benjerry, 2011). Jerry and Ben at first were thought about making bagel cakes, but due to the expensive equipment, they changed it to ice cream. They decided to open the scoop shop at Burlington, Vt., because it was a college town without an ice cream parlor. After their discussion, they took a $5 course on ice-cream making and in 1978 opened the first Ben Jerrys in a converted Burlington gas station. (Daniel Richards, 2011). The shop was quickly famous and became a favourite due to its ice cream taste and creative flavours. BenJerry also offer a free film festival, do some charity for unable people, and giving away free scoops on the first anniversary which continued to happen until now. This business increased significantly and by the year 1987 sales were at $32 million. In the year 2000, this company is sold to Unilever, for $326 million. Under the term of an agreement, it is said that it will continued to operate but separated with Unilever (ciputraentrepreneurship, 2010). Today Ben Jerrys franchisesÂÂ  750 worldwide (marketingteacher, 2010). The motivation used by Ben Jerrys company Ben and Jerry are very concern about people who go along through the successful of their business. They believe that a success of a company comes from the employees support. Cohen then brings back the support to the employees. Benefits According to their website, Ben Jerrys offers some benefits package that includes the paid family leave, three free pints of Vermonts Finest super premium ice cream, frozen yogurt and sorbets every day. This is also a company which dedicated to the policy of non-discrimination based on their gender, ethnicity, race, veteran status, sexual orientation, religious, age, national origin, or disability (benjerry,2008). Other benefits that motivate its employees such as free health club membership, sponsored membership to local fitness centre, personal financial planning advice, and the educational cost assistance (benjerry,2008). 3.2.2 Bonus Plan All the full-timer of this company has a right to some form of compensation above their competitive salaries. In 2008, Ben Jerry also apply Variable Pay Award (VPA) plan where bonuses are given based on their individuals performance on achieving goals and targets and also based on the companys financial performance. There also another plan for Ben Jerrys full-timer that made in 2008 called Keys to Enterprise (KTE) plan. This plan focus on the bonuses and incentives which include cash, Ben Bucks which can be redeemed in the company stores, and the other awards. In 2008, the average amount of KTE in Vermont Company was over $510, up from the previous year which is $474 (benjerry, 2008). Supporting environment To further encourage retention and loyalty, Cohen and Greenfield do an experiment about the evacuation of their supervisors by their subordinates, also do the exchange of ideas and opinions freely between employees. Company also have rules that focus on the employees which actually becomes positive impact. Moreover much commendation from the other industries and the important parts is that a lot of companies follow these rules. Leadership program and training also provided to the employees (Terry et al, 2004). Other motivated factors It is called Ben Jerrys Joy Gang, started in 1987 to increase the demand upon employees the first activities included pizza and 15 minutes massages for its manufacturing employees who were working 12 hours. Jerry suggested that they should try to make fun to their official part of their company culture. (Bob smith, 2005). Comparison Table Haagen-dazs BenJerry Similarities Healthcare coverage, insurance, and educational assistance. Employees can participate to exchange their ideas and information freely. Bonuses are given based on their individual performance. Personal financial planning advice. Competitive salaries and pay rates. Differences Online employees reward by collecting point to be redeemed for gifts. Top employees whose performance were very satisfying, is given a thank you card which says thank you in over 70 languages. Discount for employees when buy ice cream. Performance chart which displayed on the staff notice board, including manager tips on how to improve employees performance. Annual bonuses, vacation, summer hours, and flexible works arrangements. Have Keys to Enterprise plan which include bonuses and incentives given by cash and Ben Bucks which redeemed for gifts. Dedicated to the policy of non-discrimination based on gender, race, ethnicity. Free three pints of Vermonts finest super premium ice cream, frozen yogurt and sorbets every day. It is called Ben Jerrys Joy Gang, which came from Jerrys suggestion to make fun become a part of their official companys culture. Leadership program and training for employees. Conclusion In the real situation, although companies have a similar business environment, they still have difference strategy in motivating and leading their employees. As what has been shown above, Haagen-dazs and Ben Jerry almost have the same strategy in motivating their employees, but they still have their own strategy in motivating their employees. Generally, they use such as reward, acknowledgement, and appraisal in order to trigger employees motivation. When employees feel appreciated, their motivation level is boost leading to satisfaction of employees working in the company. Therefore, it can be concluded that motivation is an encourage which comes from inside and outside human in their effort to meet their needs, get the wanted position in a company, gain power and satisfaction from their work. However, in its practice, the usage of each element is different based on the needs and desire of each human.

Catcher In The Rye Theme Essay :: essays research papers

Turning your back on the world is not good A major theme of J.D. Salinger’s novel, â€Å" The Catcher in the Rye,† is turning your back on the world is not good. The teenage boy Holden Caulfield demonstrates this theme in the story with the constant negativity he receives as result of his negative attitude. When someone turns their back on the world the consequences are bad. Holden shows this by slacking off leading to his expulsion from school. â€Å" They gave me frequent warning to start applying myself†¦but I didn’t do it. So I got the ax.† Holden proves this theme once more by vandalizing in a fit of rage over the death of his little brother Allie. â€Å"I was only thirteen†¦I broke all the windows in the garage.† Even when Holden does not express his negativity physically he expresses them mentally. â€Å"I’m always saying â€Å"Glad to’ve met you† to somebody I’m not at all glad I met.† â€Å"I felt more depressed much more depressed than sexy.† When a young man turns his back on sex there is definitely something wrong. Even chances for great friendships are ruined when Holden turns his back on a former roommate. â€Å"But I roomed with him for about two whole months, even though he bored me till I was half crazy, just because he was such a terrific whistler†¦.† A chance for romance is ruined also when Holden is annoyed by the supposed inane conversation of his date Sally. â€Å"You give me a royal pain in the ass†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The characters in the book are not oblivious to the fact of Holden’s back turning and negativity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Holden’s little sister Phoebe could see that he turned his back on school after Holden sneaked in her room early for holiday break. â€Å"You did get kicked out!† His old teacher and good friend Mr. Antolini saw that he had a tendency to turn his back on the world too. â€Å"†¦I can very clearly see you dying nobly, one way or another, for some highly unworthy cause.† Holden finally realizes too that turning his back on people isn’t good. â€Å"Don’t ever tell anybody anything. If you do, you start missing everybody.† All the examples of Holden’s back turning in the story show how negativity pushes people away.

Color as a Symbol and Symbolism in Toni Morrisons Beloved Essay

Use of Color as a Symbol in Beloved  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   In Beloved, Toni Morrison portrays the barbarity and cruelty of slavery. She emphasizes the African American’s desire for a new life as they try to escape their past while claiming their freedom and creating a sense of community.   In Beloved, "Much of the characters’ pain occurs as they reconstruct themselves, their families, and their communities after the devastation of slavery" (Kubitschek 115). Throughout the novel, Morrison uses color to symbolically represent a life complete with happiness, freedom, and safety, as well as involvement in community and family. In many scenes, Morrison uses color to convey a character's desire for such a life; while, in other instances, Morrison utilizes color to illustrate the satisfaction and fulfillment, which the characters experience once they achieve this life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Morrison uses color to symbolize the life Paul D desires as he is heading North. When Paul D asks the Cherokee man â€Å"how he might get North.   Free North.   Magical North,†Ã‚   (Morrison 112) he conveys his desire for a free, safe, happy and even somewhat magical life.   Equating color with this life, the Cherokee man replies, â€Å"Follow the tree flowers.†Ã‚   When one thinks about or describes flowers, their colors are always important.   In his journey North, Paul D would â€Å"scan the horizon for a flash of pink or white...[or] blossoming plums† (Morrison 113).   By having Paul D search for colorful flowers, Morrison illustrates Paul D’s desire for a life full of safety, enjoyment, and freedom.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Just as Paul D desires a better life after slavery, so does Baby Suggs.   As a slave, Suggs was suppressed and did not experience the type of life she desired.   Morrison indirectly demonstrates... ...e beauty of this land that was not† theirs (Morrison 268).   â€Å"They cling to its banks to lap water and tried not to love it;† for, their life was not their own (Morrison 268).   Thus, when the slaves are able to experience color, like Denver when she is a part of the community, the symbolism of color is very powerful.   It symbolizes a character’s ability to own a feeling or emotion.   For example, when Sugars dies, she concentrates on color because that is one thing in her life which she owns.   The effects of slavery have destroyed her family, community and even freedom.   Therefore, she focuses on color because it is her own experience and the happiness she feels from pondering color is her own.    Works Cited Kubitschek, M.D. Toni Morrison: A Critical Companion. London: Greenwood Press,  1998. Morrison, Toni.   Beloved. New York: Plume Printing, 1987.   

Faulkners Light in August - Themes :: Light August Essays

Light in August - Themes    1. RACISM    The Southern concern with racial identity is one of Light in August's central themes. When people think that Joe Christmas has even a trace of black ancestry, they treat him completely differently from the way they treat white people. Many of the characters in Light in August seem twisted by their preoccupation with race. Joe Christmas, Joanna Burden, Nathaniel Burden, Doc Hines, and, ultimately, Percy Grimm are among these. But even many of the characters who don't share this mania assume that treating blacks inhumanly is acceptable. The Jefferson sheriff, Watt Kennedy, seems a decent man, yet he whips a randomly chosen black in an interrogation that was unnecessary in the first place.    2. THE SOUTHERN PAST       Two of Light in August's five major characters live in the shadow of their dead ancestors. But you could interpret their relation to these forebears in different ways. On the one hand, you could point to a pattern of decline and say that the present doesn't live up to the heroic days of yesteryear. On the other hand, you could say that the problems of the present come from a failure to shake off the burdensome grip of the past. Here is how you could argue each point of view.    a. The Heroic Past    Gail Hightower's grandfather was a robust lover of life, and his father was a helper of his fellow human beings. But Hightower fails both his wife and his congregation and spends the rest of his life cut off from other people.    Though Joanna Burden's forefathers were not originally from the South, their emigration to Jefferson makes them part of the Souths history too. And like Gail Hightower, Joanna compares badly to both her father and grandfather. They were rebellious wanderers and vigorous family men. She spends most of her time in her house, feels homesick whenever she leaves Jefferson, and never marries or has children.    b. The Burdensome Past    Gail Hightower's problems stem from his obsession with his grandfather, who was not even worth this worship. After all, he died stealing chickens. Likewise, Joanna Burden is the victim of the stern religion and patronizing racism that her father taught her and that he learned from his father before him.

Guilt in Crime and Punishment Essay

â€Å"If he has a conscience he will suffer for his mistake. That will be punishment-as well as the prison. † (Dostoyevsky 336). Guilt is commonly understood to be an emotion that results as an outcome of an evil act. However, is it always this simple? No human being with any sense has the ability to commit an atrocious crime without some feeling of guilt or remorse afterwards. Gradually, this guilt festers and eats away at one’s conscience until the point of escape, reached by confession, thus leading to salvation. Throughout Dostoyevsky’s Crime and Punishment the main character, Raskolnikov is stricken with guilt and suffering that eventually leads to his confession and redemption. In today’s modern America, and Raskolnikov’s 18th century Russia, guilt plays a pivotal role in transforming an individual’s moral compass and influences ones actions. In the opening of the novel, Raskolnikov intellectualizes the crime by convincing himself that there are people in his world who are extraordinary, and that he is above the law by being one. He believes he is one of the elite, who will be able to commit the murder and escape both physical and emotional punishment. Rodia believes that the murder can be justified because of the fact that Allionia is wicked, and purposeless. Raskolnikov does not feel guilt in the crime until he realizes that no good had come from the murder, and Lizoveta who was an innocent person, had died as well as Allionia, making Rodia feel dreadful for his actions. Guilt has had, and always will have a variety of influences on people, and in Crime and Punishment, Raskolnikov physically shows remorse in different situations. Raskolnikov is constantly paranoid and anxious which demonstrates his extreme shame, without him having to actually confess his guilt. For example, Raskolnikov â€Å"†¦was aware of a terrible disorder within himself. He was afraid he could not keep himself under control. † (Dostoyevsky 91). As readers, we see his shame progress from before the murder, to when he bottles it all up to the point of explosion. Some would say that Sonia, not guilt, is the main contributor to Raskolnikov’s confession, but she is actually the instrument that cured his guilt. Sonia was the main vehicle of good in society, so her influence upon Raskolnikov was what society would have preferred Rodia to do; to confess. Sonia did urge Raskolnikov to come clean, for instance, at the end of the book Sonia told Rodia â€Å"Go to the crossroads, bow down to the people, kiss the earth because you have sinned against it, too, and say aloud to the whole world ‘I am a murderer! ‘ Then God will send you life again. † (Dostoyevsky 500). Although Sonia did advise him to profess his sins, Raskolnikov’s confession comes from his inner yearning to get rid of the shame he is feeling inside.

Forty Studies That Changed Psychology Essay

Something important in psychology is to differentiate between what is considered normal and abnormal. Psychologists need to do this to decide what to diagnose as a mental illness, and the treatment for this mental illness. Unfortunately, for everyone involved, it is not always easy to discern between what is normal behavior, sometimes called effective psychological functioning, and abnormal behavior, which could possibly be the result of a psychological disorder. To help determine between, psychologists use a few decisive factors. This includes the context in which someone observes the behavior. In relation to context, it means that the situation matters because in one situation a behavior may be normal, but not necessarily in all situations. Another factor is the persistence of the behavior or how often, over time, the behavior continues or occurs. How far, from the accepted social norm, the behavior deviates is also an important factor. Whether or not someone is aware of his or her own psychological difficulties is subjective distress. This subjective distress is often a great help to mental health professionals in making a psychological diagnosis. When a person finds it impossible to be satisfied with life due to psychological problems, this is considered a psychological handicap. Effect on functioning could be considered the bottom line in psychological diagnosis: the extent to which the behaviors in question interfere with a person’s ability to live the life that he or she desires and that society will accept. These â€Å"symptoms† and characteristics of mental illness all involve judgments on the part of psychologists, psychiatrists, and others. So these mental health professionals still need to answer to important questions. Are mental health professionals truly able to distinguish between the mentally ill and the mentally healthy? In addition, what are the consequences of mistakes? These are the questions addressed by David Rosenhan in his study. Rosenhan questioned whether the characteristics that lead to psychological diagnoses reside in the patients themselves or in the in which the people diagnosing find the patients. He reasoned that if the training mental health professionals have received for diagnosing mental illness are adequate, then those professionals should be able to distinguish correctly. Rosenhan proposed that one way to test mental health professionals’ ability to correctly categorize would be to admit normal people to psychiatric facilities to see if they would be categorized as healthy. If these â€Å"pseudo patients† behaved in the hospital as they would on the outside, and if they were not discovered to be healthy/normal, this would be evidence that diagnoses of the mentally ill are tied more to the situation than to the patient. Rosenhan recruited eight subjects to serve as pseudo patients. The subjects’ mission was to try to be admitted to twelve different psychological hospitals. All of the pseudo patients followed the same instructions. They called the hospital and made an appointment. Upon arrival at the hospital, they complained of hearing voices that said specific things. Other than this one thing, all subjects acted completely normal and gave very truthful information to the interviewer other than personal information. All the subjects were admitted to the various hospitals, and all but one was admitted with a diagnosis of â€Å"schizophrenia. Once inside the hospital, the pseudo patients simply behaved normally. The subjects had no idea of when they would be allowed to leave the hospital. It was up to them to gain their release by convincing the hospital staff that they were healthy enough to be discharged. All of the subjects took notes of their experiences. At first, they tried to conceal this activity, but soon it was clear to all that this secrecy was unnecessary, since this was seen as just another symptom of their illness. They all wanted to be released as soon as possible, so they behaved as model patients, cooperating with the staff and accepting all medications (which were not swallowed, but flushed down the toilet). The key finding in this study was that not one of the pseudo patients was detected by anyone on the hospital staff. When they were released, their mental health status was recorded in their files as â€Å"schizophrenia in remission. † There were other interesting findings and observations. While the hospital’s staff of doctors, nurses, and attendants failed to detect the subjects, the other patients could not be so easily fooled. Contacts between the patients and the staff were minimal and often bizarre. One of the tests made by the pseudo patients in the study was to approach various staff members and attempt to make verbal contact by asking common, normal questions. Rosenhan’s study demonstrated that normal people cannot be distinguished from the mentally ill in a hospital setting. According to Rosenhan, this is because of the overwhelming influence of the psychiatric hospital setting on the staff’s judgment of the individual’s behavior. Once patients are admitted to such a facility, there is a strong tendency for them to be viewed in ways that remove all individuality. The attitude created is that if they are there, then they must be crazy. More important is what Rosenhan refers to as the stickiness of the label. That is, when a patient is labeled as schizophrenic, it becomes his or her central characteristic or personality trait. From the moment, the label is given and the staff knows it, they perceive all of the patient’s behavior as stemming from that label. The hospital staff tended to ignore the situational pressures on patients and saw only the behavior relevant to the pathological traits assigned to the patients. Remember that all the subjects gave honest accounts of their pasts and families. The results pointed out two crucial factors. First, it appeared that the sane could not be distinguished from the insane in mental hospital settings. Second, Rosenhan demonstrated the danger of diagnostic labels. Once a person is labeled as, having a certain psychological condition that label overcomes all of his or her other characteristics. The worst part of this sort of treatment is that it can become self-confirming. That is, if a person is treated in a certain way consistently over time, he or she may begin to behave that way. Out of Rosenhan’s work grew greater care in diagnostic procedures and increased awareness of the dangers of applying labels to patients.

Rude American

Rude Americans Stories are often told about rude American tourists, neighbors, or simply Americans. They have been labeled as rude because of their actions and their portrayal in the media and our society. Most of the complaints involve tourists. According to businessperson. Com, Tripods, a travel blob, conducted a survey last year involving 700 respondents from 62 countries about bad tourist behavior. It covers everything from travel etiquette and manners (like hogging the armrests and asking to switch seats incessantly in plane rides) to drunken misbehaver and foreign fertilization.A whopping 33% of respondents, three times as many as the next worst, Britain, agree that Americans are terrible tourists. 44% of the American respondents even agreed that their countrymen are the worst tourists. As the stereotype goes, they're loud, rude, fat, and make terrible fashion choices. Stereotype aside, why are Americans seen as rude and disrespectful? Aside from the Internet research, a survey was also done in class asking the students their opinions on why Americans are often seen as rude.The top reasons turned out to be 1) the US is involved in a lot of wars, 2) the American bringing and 3) cultural differences and misunderstanding. The supports, however, were mostly based on information from the Internet and personal observations. First reason on why Americans are often seen as rude is the role of the US in wars around the world. The US has been a world superpower for so many years and is considered as one of the â€Å"Most Reliable Countries. Being one of the richest and most powerful countries, Americans tend to think they are superior and can overpower anyone, making them come off as rude and disrespectful. American rudeness and disrespect also comes from the wars hey were involved in the past to gain power or just for the sake of warring such as World Wars I and II, Vietnam, Korean, Afghanistan and Iraq wars. Even if they didn't win without the help of other coun tries, it still made Americans act and think that they are above anyone, which carries on up until now.Second reason of American rudeness is the American upbringing. It is the environment that they grew up in; it is how they were raised. Many Americans are loud and outspoken because they grew up in a similar environment especially if they grew up in a city since American cities tend to be hectic and Hattie. They are often seen glued and yelling over their phones, which may be just talking normally for them. They are also seen as rude because of their informality when meeting strangers and they think everything is funny.This is because they are comfortable with other people although they don't realize that the same open behavior comes across as disrespect to other people. Americans are seen as rude because many of them feel that they have to insult others because everything has to be their way. Many Americans are known to be chain-swears like it's a part of them, like it's a normal t hing. When they do not get what they want, they become frustrated. They just lack manners and social graces because they feel the need to become dominant and take control of everything without thinking about how to treat others.Americans also seem to have a bad reputation with not realizing that the whole world did not grow up learning English to serve them, and that speaking slower to someone who doesn't understand or speak English, doesn't make a difference. Third reason is cultural differences. As mentioned in the previous reason, the open behavior of Americans comes across as disrespect to other people cause they aren't used to such culture, whereas Americans often view familiarity as a good thing. Mistakes made by tourists when visiting other countries are often seen as disrespectful.They may not be fully aware, but some people actually get offended. For example, if you're in France and you're invited to dinner at someone's house, you should bring a gift but do not bring a bott le of wine because it implies that your hoses wine is not good enough. Since it is habitual for polite Americans to bring a bottle of wine as a gift for one's hosts, it may be a problem especially if they aren't familiar with he French rule. Americans are also known for their busy lifestyle, wherein their time costs so much that they don't waste it in apologizing or thanking others.Some people as a child has been taught that saying â€Å"thank you,† â€Å"you're welcome,† or â€Å"I'm sorry/' is a way of showing good manners, so not doing any of the mentioned may seen by others as rude. The way they show their nationalism and pride makes them seem to look down on other countries since they say that other countries are nothing compared to them, and that the US is the best country in the world. Maybe we are just used to he respectful culture, but some of the ways they show nationalism and pride may be disrespectful to other countries.Some of the things they say may also sound offensive but they actually mean something different. An example would be their use of the phrase, â€Å"Oh, really? † A person could take it as someone challenging his opinion but in reality it simply means, â€Å"Interesting Can you elaborate? † The portrayal of arrogance among Americans through their actions, the media and the society is caused by the role of the US in wars, the American upbringing and cultural differences. Not all Americans are rude; they were just stereotyped as such.That is why everyone should respect and appreciate each others differences and try to learn and understand them and their culture. It is important to learn and understand them to avoid getting too offended, and to know how to react to certain situations. It also helps in getting to know and socializing with Americans instead of avoiding them for being intentionally or unintentionally rude because after all, they are humans just like everyone else.