The Troubled Succession of Charles V of Spain

The Troubled Succession of Charles V of Spain By the time he was 20, in 1520, Charles V ruled the largest collection of European land since Charlemagne over 700 years earlier. Charles was Duke of Burgundy, King of the Spanish Empire and the Habsburg territories, which included Austria and Hungary, as well as Holy Roman Emperor; he continued to acquire more land throughout his life. Problematically for Charles, but interestingly for historians, he acquired these lands piecemeal - there was no one single inheritance - and many of the territories were independent countries with their own systems of government and little common interest. This empire, or monarchia, may have brought Charles power, but it also caused him great problems. The Succession to Spain Charles inherited the Spanish Empire in 1516; this included peninsular Spain, Naples, several islands in the Mediterranean and large tracts of America. Although Charles had a clear right to inherit, the manner in which he did so caused upset: in 1516 Charles became regent of the Spanish Empire on his mentally ill mother’s behalf. Just a few months later, with his mother still alive, Charles declared himself king. Charles Causes Problems The manner of Charles’ rise to the throne caused upset, with some Spaniards wishing for his mother to remain in power; others supported Charles’ infant brother as heir. On the other hand, there were many who flocked to the court of the new king. Charles caused more problems in the manner in which he initially governed the kingdom: some feared he was inexperienced, and some Spaniards feared Charles would focus on his other lands, such as those he stood to inherit from Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian. These fears were exacerbated by the time it took Charles to put aside his other business and travel to Spain for the very first time: eighteen months. Charles caused other, much more tangible, problems when he arrived in 1517. He promised a gathering of towns called the Cortes that he wouldn’t appoint foreigners to important positions; he then issued letters naturalizing certain foreigners and appointed them to important positions. Furthermore, having been granted a large subsidy to the crown by the Cortes of Castile in 1517, Charles broke with tradition and asked for another large payment while the first was being paid. He’d so far spent little time in Castile and the money was to finance his claim to the Holy Roman throne, a foreign adventure feared by Castilians. This, and his weakness when it came to resolving internal conflicts between the towns and nobles, caused great upset. The Revolt of the Comuneros 1520-1 During the years 1520 - 21, Spain experienced a major rebellion within its Castilian kingdom, an uprising that has been described as the largest urban revolt in early modern Europe. (Bonney, The European Dynastic States, Longman, 1991, p. 414) Although certainly true, this statement obscures a later, but still significant, rural component. There is still debate on how close the revolt came to succeeding, but this rebellion of Castilian towns - who formed their own local councils, or communes - included a true mix of contemporary mismanagement, historical rivalry, and political self-interest. Charles wasn’t completely to blame, as pressure had grown over the last half-century when towns felt themselves increasingly losing power versus the nobility and the crown. The Rise of the Holy League Riots against Charles had begun before he had even left Spain in 1520, and as the riots spread, towns began rejecting his government and forming their own: councils called comuneros. In June 1520, as nobles remained quiet, hoping to profit from the chaos, the comuneros met and formed themselves together in the Santa Junta (Holy League). Charles’ regent sent an army to deal with the rebellion, but this lost the propaganda war when it started a fire that gutted Medina del Campo. More towns then joined the Santa Junta. As the rebellion spread in the north of Spain, the Santa Junta initially tried to get Charles V’s mother, the old queen, on their  side for support. When this failed, the Santa Junta sent a list of demands to Charles, a list intended to keep him king and moderate his actions and make him more Spanish. The demands included Charles returning to Spain and giving the Cortes a much greater role in government. Rural Rebellion and Failure As the rebellion grew larger, cracks appeared in the alliance of towns as each had their own agenda. The pressure of supplying troops also began to tell. The rebellion spread into the countryside, where people directed their violence against the nobility as well as the king. This was a mistake, as the nobles who had been content to let the revolt carry on now reacted against the new threat. It was the nobles who exploited Charles to negotiate a  settlement and a noble led army which crushed the comuneros  in battle. The revolt was effectively over after the Santa Junta was defeated in battle at Villalar in April 1521, although pockets remained until early 1522. The reaction of Charles wasn’t harsh given the standards of the day, and the towns kept many of their privileges.  However, the Cortes was never to gain any further power and became a glorified bank for the king. The Germania Charles faced another rebellion which occurred at the same time as the Comunero Revolt, in a smaller and less financially important region of Spain. This was the Germania, born out of a militia created to fight Barbary pirates, a council which wanted to create a Venice like city-state, and class anger as much as a dislike of Charles. The rebellion was crushed by the nobility without much crown help. 1522: Charles Returns Charles returned to Spain in 1522 to find royal power restored. Over the next few  years, he worked to change the relationship between himself and the Spaniards, learning Castilian, marrying an Iberian woman and calling Spain the heart of his empire. The towns were bowed and could be reminded of what they had done if ever they opposed Charles, and the nobles had fought their way to a closer relationship with him.

The 10 Best Fashion Schools What Makes Them Great

The 10 Best Fashion Schools What Makes Them Great SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Thinking about entering the fashion industry? You’re in for a fun, challenging career path. If you want to be well-prepared to enter any area of fashion - whether it’s the design side or the business side - an education at a well-reputed school will definitely be helpful. Before getting into the list of bestfashion schools, I’ll talk a bit about why you might want to attend a fashion school and how I compiled these rankings. What Is a Fashion School? A fashion school offers degrees that are specialized for students who plan on pursuing a career in the fashion industry. They often offer several different majors or specializations. The most popular thing to do with a fashion degree is design, but there are many other careers you can pursue with a degree in this field, including: Fashion merchandising and fashion buying Fashion marketing and PR Fashion production and management Fashion journalism and publishing Advertising Fashion technology A great fashion program will provide hands-on experience in the classroom and the field, as well as plenty of opportunities for internships and jobs for both students and graduates. The Ranking System Ranking lists can be really great if you want to get a general idea of what schools are out there and whether they fit your interests and criteria. The problem with many lists is that there’s no standardized ranking process or criteria, and they’re not always transparent about the ranking process. Although this particular ranking list should also just be used as a starting point for your own college research, I want to be much more clear about the process I used to determine the best fashion schools. First, I started by searching for colleges and universities that have a dedicated fashion major for undergraduates. After that, I took these major criteria into account: General School Reputation - The fashion industry is incredibly competitive to break into (check out The Devil Wears Prada for a very tiny, very dramatized taste of what I mean). It’s important that undergraduate students have access to the resources that come with a school that’s well-regarded by the industry. As you’ll see when you go through the rankings list, many fashion icons have visited or even lectured these schools for educational classes and seminars - this is a sign that these schools are taken seriously by those in fashion. Strength of Related Graduate Programs - Although I only listed schools here with dedicated undergraduate programs in fashion, schools got points if they have well-respected graduate programs in fashion or other related design fields. Undergraduate students studying fashion tend to benefit from faculty and resources in these graduate departments. Alumni - When a school boasts many notable alumni, this signals a couple of important things: the program itself produces strong graduates, and the school’s alumni network is strong and well-connected. Successful alumni boost a school’s reputation and make it easier for you to find a job later on. Location - The best internship and job opportunities (as well as galleries and design studios) are going to be in big fashion capitals: places like NYC, Paris, Milan, London, and even Hong Kong. Many of the schools listed below are located in these cities or have satellite campuses or programs there. Schools got bonus points if they give students options to study in a variety of locations. The 10 Top Fashion Schools, Ranked Although I was clear about the criteria used to compile this list, you should use it primarily as a jumping-off point for your own research - not an ultimate guide to the quality of a school’s program. I encourage you to focus less on the strict order of rankings (which is pretty subjective to begin with) and more on the individual characteristics of each school. Let’s get into the good stuff - the list of bestfashion schools. #1 Fashion Institute of Technology (FIT), New York, NY FIT is perhaps the most famous school for those aspiring to enter the world of fashion. Its programs focus on preparing students for professional excellence in design and business. FIT offers an incredibly wide range of undergraduate degree programs, including Accessories Design, Fabric Styling, Fashion Business Management, and Jewelry Design. In total, the school offers 48 degree programs in fashion and other creative and business professions. The school apparently takes full advantage of its NYC location, taking students on frequent field trips to corporate headquarters, design studios, galleries, and museums. Finally, many alumni are particularly successful in the business side of fashion and act as VPs, presidents, and CEOs. Fashion degrees offered: BFA, BS Read more about the program Attending any fashion school in NY will come with some important advantages, including ease of access to the fashion industry. #2 Parsons The New School, New York, NY The New School takes a more focused approach to fashion, offering only a BFA in fashion design for fashion-minded undergraduates. There are many others strong programs offered through the school, however - The New School is a well-respected school in all sorts of design fields, including Fine Arts and Interior Design. The fashion design program is housed in Parson’s School of Fashion, which has some strong fashion Master’s programs. Students complete a senior thesis as a capstone to their studies, which is great for developing a portfolio. Students can take advantage of the many professional opportunities available in NYC, especially with the school’s list of notable alumni (including Isaac Mizrahi and Donna Karan). Fashion degrees offered: BFA Read more about the program #3 Pratt Institute, New York, NY It’s no surprise that the top three schools on this list are located in NYC. Fashion design students at the Pratt Institute have access to some great resources, in part due to the school’s location - for one, guest lecturers from all areas of the industry often give talks and seminars. Students here also end up with some great internships (at companies like Rag Bone, for example). The school also has strong design programs in other areas, including industrial and interior design. All students seem to benefit from strong career support from Pratt’s Center for Career and Professional Development, which presented more than 80 programs last year on topics such as career prep and innovation. Fashion degrees offered: BFA Read more about the program #4 Savannah College of Art and Design, Savannah, GA SCAD, which offers a BFA in fashion design (in addition to an MA and MFA), is a very well-reputed, high-ranked design school with many other strong design programs. The school prides itself in staying on top of the latest design technology, which may be why it’s so successful at attracting top names in fashion for guest lectures, panel discussions, and student critiques. Some of these past fashion experts include Karl Lagerfeld, Tom Ford, Diane von Furstenberg, and Vera Wang. It’s no surprise that SCAD hosts one of the top student fashion shows in the country to showcase student work. You may not think of Savannah as a fashion capital, but you don’t have to. Fashion design students Students have the opportunity to study in Atlanta and Hong Kong. Fashion degrees offered: BFA Read more about the program #5 Kent State University, Kent, OH Kent State has a few more options for students who are interested in the business side of the fashion industry - you can choose from a BA or BFA in Fashion Design or a BS in Fashion Merchandising. One unique option is a combined BS/MBA program in Fashion Merchandising. The school has its own satellite campus in NYC, which is definitely important considering that Kent, OH isn’t exactly a fashion capital. About 45 students a year head off to Florence, Italy to study at the school’s Palazzo campus. Kent State also has a partnership with The Paris Academy in Paris, France - overall, students seem to have lots of options when it comes to off-campus experiences. Finally, the school claims that their placement rate in the fashion industry for graduates of the Fashion School is over 90%. Fashion degrees offered: BA, BFA, BS/MBA Read more about the program If you’re more interested in merchandising than design, you may want to check out Kent State. #6 Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA Drexel, which offers a bachelor’s in fashion design, prepares students for careers in design, styling, advertising, and computer-aided and technical design. The school encourages hands-on experiences in the industry by requiring students to submit designs to national and international competitions. Drexel has a couple of interesting programs for fashion-minded students. First, there’s a unique six month â€Å"co-op† program - an extended internship of sorts - where students work at different companies around the country to develop their skills. Second, there’s a study abroad program at the College of London. There are many complementary undergraduate programs, including Design Merchandising and Entertainment Art. Fashion degrees offered: BFA Read more about the program #7 Otis College of Art and Design, Los Angeles, CA Otis is an interesting option for fashion-minded students for a few reasons. First, fashion design students have the option to choose a Costume Design emphasis track within their major - a unique program of study that I haven’t seen at any of these other schools. Students have the opportunity to work in teams through junior and senior year to create unique designs, which is a great experience for when you transition to working in the actual industry. The school is also committed to sustainability in fashion - students can opt for a minor in sustainability if it’s something they’re particularly interested in. Current designers serve as mentors for fashion students, and recent upperclassmen mentor companies include places like Anthropologie, Nike, BCBG, Roxy, and more. The school has a lot of successful alumni living and working in NYC. Although LA isn’t quite the fashion capital that NY is, there are still quite a few designers based in the city whoare known for their trendy and unique work. Fashion degrees offered: BFA Read more about the program LA offers a great mix of â€Å"high fashion† and more casual, trendy design. #8 Rhode Island School of Design (RISD), Providence, RI RISD is a very well-known and well-respected art and design institution for both undergraduate and graduate students. Undergrads here have the option to get a BFA in â€Å"Apparel Design.† The apparel design program emphasizes (perhaps a bit more than other top programs) the development of advanced technical skills like superior design sketching, pattern cutting, and 3D draping. The school requires students to participate in internships and competitive opportunities, which thrusts you into the fashion industry fairly early on. The program’s senior thesis project is described as a â€Å"unified body of work that expresses personal design sensibility and showcases professional-grade conceptual and technical skills.† Students regularly visit NYC’s fashion district, which is fairly close. Providence itself may not seem like a fashion capital, but it has a very high number of artists per capita. It’s small but concentrated! Fashion degrees offered: BFA Read more about the program #9 Columbus College of Art and Design, Columbus, OH Students here who choose to pursue a BFA in Fashion Design go on to do any number of things in the fashion industry, including working as fashion forecasters and costume designers. The school also offers an MFA in fashion design. Columbus has six large studios open to student access in addition to other labs (for example, a dye lab and pattern/draping lab). Notable alumni include people like Bruno Grizzo (who worked for Calvin Klein and Lanvin) and Genoveva Christoff (who has her own successful company). Fashion degrees offered: BFA Read more about the program #10Iowa State University, Ames, IA Fashion students here get a degree in Apparel, Merchandising, and Design, which is a bit broader than some of the options at other top fashion schools. A broad degree means broad career opportunities, including things like public relations director or fashion journalism. The school offers some impressive high-tech equipment, like a 3-D body scanner and industrial digital printer. Special classes help students find and research internships in the field. Fashion degrees offered: BS Read more about the program How to Choose the Right Fashion School for You Although there are fewer fashion program choices out there than say, liberal BA program choices, you still have to sift through a lot of information to pick a school that's right for you. Hopefully, this list of schools has given you a good place to start - but there are other things to keep in mind before committing to a particular school. There are few more things to consider here than when you’re deciding what to wear to that party tonight. Decide Betweenan Arts-Focused School anda More Traditional College Most of the schools listed here are dedicated solely to fashion or a combination of fashion, design, and arts. This may be great for you if you’re not interested in a liberal arts education or fulfilling general education requirements. If you’re looking for a more â€Å"traditional† college experience, however, you may want to look into liberal arts colleges that may not be 100% dedicated to arts, design, and fashion, but still offer great fashion programs for undergrads. Choose a School That Offers a Degree You Want Many of the schools on the above list focus on fashion design. If you’re sure that you’re interested in the design side of fashion, then this sort of program is a good fit. There are so many other options, though, especially at powerhouses like FIT. There’s much more to the fashion industry than design, so make sure to check out other programs and majors before making a decision. Consider Whether You Want a Flexible or Focused Program Some of the programs above offer plenty of room for students to explore their artistic and design interests, and boast dozens of degree options and specializations. Others are more focused and narrow, and may be good fits for students who already know what interests they want to pursue. Spend some time exploring the programs' websites to get a better feel for your options. Finda Program With Portfolio Requirements That You'll Be Able to Meet You'll have to submit a portfolio as part of the application process for the schools listed above. Some of these portfolio requirements may seem reasonable, whereas others might be tough to meet. Explore each program's portfolio requirements well ahead of any application deadlines. Think About the School More Generally Granted, many of the schools on this list are design- or arts-focused, but your college experience will depend on more than just what you’ll experience through your program. Other, more practical student life concerns will definitely affect how happy you may be at a particular school. What do you think of the student housing options? The dining plans? The student groups on campus? The general location? Once you consider all these factors, you'll be better able to choose a fashion program that's right for you. The better the fit, the more successful you're likely to be in school and your career. What’s Next? Choosing where you’ll end up for college is a stressful decision for many students. Read more about if it matters, and why the college you select may impact your future. Once you have an idea of where you’d like to end up, boost your chances of success by learning about how to get into your top choice schools. When you have several options to choose from, read about how to choose which college to actually attend. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: